Editing Ichikawa Hakugen (section)

== Writings ==

A four-volume collected works, ''Ichikawa Hakugen chosakushū'' 市川白弦著作集 [Collected Works of Ichikawa Hakugen], was published posthumously (Kyoto: Hōzōkan 法蔵館, 1993). The selection below follows the original publication dates and venues reported in that collection, except where otherwise indicated. For texts available on the Radical Buddhism Project (RBP), the Japanese and English titles link directly to the respective editions.

* ''Marukusushugi to Zen: oboegaki'' マルクス主義と禅――覚え書 [Notes on Marxism and Zen]. ''Chūō Bukkyō'' 中央仏教 (June 1930). {{annotation|An early, tentative attempt to read Zen practice alongside Marxist categories, predating the fuller B・A・C synthesis of the 1950s.}}
* ''Bukkyō yori mita Hēgeru no benshōhō'' 仏教より見たヘーゲルの弁証法 [Hegel's Dialectic from the Perspective of Buddhism]. ''Gendai Bukkyō'' 現代仏教 88 (1932). {{annotation|Critiques Hegelian dialectical logic from a Buddhist standpoint, laying groundwork for Ichikawa's later objections to reading Zen and Nishida philosophy through dialectical categories.}}
* ''Zen no kihonteki seikaku'' 禅の基本的性格 [The Fundamental Character of Zen]. Tokyo: Dōbunkan 同文館, 1942. {{annotation|Ichikawa's first book; conspicuously avoids the nationalist rhetoric common in contemporaneous Buddhist writing, though it appeared alongside his more openly wartime-affirming journalism of the same year.}}
* ''Zengaku sasshin no ichi shihyō: Zen no seiji rinri sōken no tame ni'' 禅学刷新の一指標――禅の政治倫理創建のために [A Target for Reform in Zen Studies: Toward the Construction of Zen Political Ethics]. ''Zengaku kenkyū'' 禅学研究 39 (June 1946). {{annotation|An early postwar call to rebuild Zen scholarship around explicit political ethics.}}
* [[IH49KST|''Kyōsanshugi shisō no tenkai to Bukkyō'' 共産主義思想の展開と仏教]] [[IH49KST-T|Buddhism and the Development of Communist Thought]]. In ''Gendai Bukkyō mondai gokō'' 現代仏教問題五講, edited by Nakajima Bunkyō 中島文鏡. Tokyo: Yangu Iisuto Sha, 1949. {{annotation|Situates Buddhist thought in relation to the postwar spread of communist ideas in Japan.}}
* ''Zen no kokōsei ni tsuite: Zen ni taisuru gigi'' 禅の孤高性について――禅に対する疑義 [On the Solitary Aloofness of Zen: Some Doubts about Zen], parts I–II. ''Shisō'' 思想 307, 308 (January–February 1950). {{annotation|The essay that provoked Myōshinji's attempt to remove Ichikawa from the Hanazono faculty; argues that Zen's self-image of detached, "high-minded" enlightenment functioned to excuse institutional silence during the war.}}
* ''Hannya shingyō shinkō'' 般若心経新講 [New Lectures on the Heart Sutra]. Tokyo: Tōsei Shuppansha 東成出版社, 1951. {{annotation|A doctrinal commentary on the Heart Sutra that already frames prajñā-emptiness in terms of joy, liberation, and social solidarity rather than mere negation.}}
* ''Zen no jissen ni tsuite: rekishi tenkanki ni okeru hihanteki shiron'' 禅の実践について――歴史転換期における批判的試論 [On Zen Praxis: A Critical Exploratory Essay at a Historical Turning Point]. ''Shisō'' 思想 326 (October 1951). {{annotation|A follow-up to the 1950 "solitary aloofness" essay, further developing the demand that Zen practice be answerable to historical and social conditions.}}
* ''“Owasareta genjitsu” no tetsugaku: Nishitani hakase no jieiron ni tsuite'' 「負わされた現実」の哲学――西谷博士の自衛論について [The Philosophy of "Imposed Actuality": On Dr. Nishitani's Argument for Self-Defense]. ''Chūō Kōron'' 中央公論 (May 1952). {{annotation|Ichikawa's opening rebuttal in his public exchange with Nishitani Keiji over the postwar peace treaty and Japanese rearmament.}}
* ''Nishitani kyōju no saibusōron'' 西谷教授の再武装論 [Professor Nishitani's Argument for Rearmament]. ''Ushio'' 潮 (August 1952). {{annotation|Ichikawa's closing statement in the Nishitani debate, reiterating that rearmament served Cold War and capital interests rather than genuine national security. Ives (2009) cites this same essay as appearing in ''Shisō'' 58, no. 8 (August 1952); the discrepancy over the venue remains unresolved.}}
* [[IH55ZC|''Zen to kyōsanshugi'' 禅と共産主義]] [[IH55ZC-T|Zen and Communism]]. Date of first publication requires confirmation (provisionally ca. 1955). {{annotation|Explores Zen's relationship to communism and the possibilities and limits of bringing Buddhist awakening into dialogue with Marxist thought.}}
* ''Hannya-kyō: Hannya shisō no gendai e no tenkai'' 般若経――般若思想の現代への展開 [The Wisdom Sutras: The Development of the Philosophy of Prajñā for the Contemporary Age]. Kyoto: San'ichi Shobō 三一書房, 1956. {{annotation|Ichikawa's fullest mid-career statement of Buddhist-Anarchist-Communism, grounding it explicitly in Prajñāpāramitā philosophy.}}
* [[IH56ZTM|''Zen to Marukishizumu'' 禅とマルキシズム]] [[IH56ZTM-T|Zen and Marxism]]. 1956; reprinted in ''Ichikawa Hakugen chosakushū'' 市川白弦著作集, vol. 2, ''Zen to gendai shisō'' 禅と現代思想 (Kyoto: Hōzōkan 法蔵館, 1993), 293–312. {{annotation|Distinguishes Zen experience from Zen as ideology; criticises Zen's historical accommodation of social hierarchy and wartime power, and explores the relationship between spiritual practice and social transformation.}}
* ''Zettai mu no tsumazuki: Nishida Kitarō no baai'' 絶対無のつまずき――西田幾多郎の場合 [The Stumbling of Absolute Nothingness: The Case of Nishida Kitarō]. ''Shisō'' 思想 (1959). {{annotation|Ichikawa's central critique of his teacher's teacher, Nishida Kitarō, arguing that Nishida's own logic could have grounded an anarchist ethics but was instead bent to serve the wartime ''kokutai''.}}
* ''Bukkyō to shakai seigi no mondai'' 仏教と社会正義の問題 [Buddhism and the Problem of Social Justice]. ''Sōzō'' 創造 94–104 (ten installments, 1959–1960). {{annotation|A serialized study connecting Buddhist ethics to concrete questions of social and economic justice.}}
* [[IH61ZKA|''Zen, Kegon, anakizumu'' 禅・華厳・アナキズム]] [[IH61ZKA-T|Zen, Kegon, and Anarchism]]. ''Jiyū Shisō'' 自由思想 5 (1961); reprinted in ''Ichikawa Hakugen chosakushū'' 市川白弦著作集, vol. 3 (Kyoto: Hōzōkan 法蔵館, 1993), 319–345. {{annotation|Develops the anarchist implications of Kegon philosophy's "realm of mutual non-obstruction" (''jiji muge hokkai'' 事々無礙法界), contrasting wartime totalitarian interpretations with Suzuki Daisetsu's postwar vision while questioning the continued centrality of the emperor. Proposes Buddhist Anarchist Communism (B.A.C.) and argues that Buddhist social ethics must address class relations, alienated labour, and the transformation of material conditions.}}
* ''Nihon no seijiteki shūkyō: Tennō Shintō to Sōka Gakkai'' 日本の政治的宗教――天皇神道と創価学会 [Japan's Political Religions: Imperial Shinto and Sōka Gakkai]. ''Jiyū'' 自由 63–65 (1963). {{annotation|Extends the critique of Buddhist accommodation to state power into a comparative account of postwar Japan's new religious-political formations.}}
* “A Preliminary Conception of Zen Social Ethics,” parts I–II. ''Indogaku Bukkyōgaku kenkyū'' 印度学仏教学研究 11, no. 10 (January 1963): 20–31; 13, no. 2 (1965): 12–20. {{annotation|A rare English-language statement of Ichikawa's project, presenting the outlines of a systematic Zen social ethics for an international scholarly audience.}}
* ''Fuhenteki kū'' 普遍的空 [Universal Emptiness]. ''Zengaku kenkyū'' 禅学研究 55 (July 1966). {{annotation|Develops the concept of emptiness (''kū'' 空) as a universal, non-sectarian ethical resource rather than a purely Buddhist doctrinal category.}}
* ''Zen to gendai shisō'' 禅と現代思想 [Zen and Contemporary Thought]. Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten 徳間書店, 1967. {{annotation|Places classical Zen concepts into direct conversation with contemporary Marxist and existentialist thought.}}
* ''Bukkyōsha no sensō sekinin'' 仏教者の戦争責任 [Buddhists' Responsibility for the War]. Tokyo: Shunjūsha 春秋社, 1970. {{annotation|Ichikawa's landmark work, systematically documenting Buddhist institutional and doctrinal complicity in Japanese wartime imperialism; the primary source for his account of his own "coward's" psychology and its role in his wartime accommodation.}}
* ''Nihon ni okeru Bukkyō shakaishugi no mondai'' 日本における仏教社会主義の問題 [The Problem of Buddhist Socialism in Japan]. In ''Bukkyōsha no sensō sekinin'' 仏教者の戦争責任, 150–176. Tokyo: Shunjūsha 春秋社, 1970; published in English as “The Problem of Buddhist Socialism in Japan,” ''Japanese Religions'' 6, no. 3 (August 1970): 15–37. {{annotation|The chapter in which Ichikawa explicitly proposes "Śūnya-Anarchist-Communism" (S・A・C) as a more precise alternative to the label "Buddhist socialism."}}
* ''Nihon fashizumu-ka no shūkyō'' 日本ファシズム下の宗教 [Religion under Japanese Fascism]. Tokyo: Enuesu Publishing, 1975. {{annotation|Ichikawa's last book, extending his war-responsibility critique from Zen specifically to Japanese religion under fascism more broadly, and containing his frank admission that he was unsure he would have the courage to resist a renewed war.}}
* ''Kaihō no zengaku e: jiden-fū ni'' 解放の禅学へ――自伝風に [Toward a Liberating Zen Studies: An Autobiographical Approach]. ''Shisō no kagaku'' 思想の科学 68 (1976). {{annotation|Ichikawa's principal autobiographical essay, written the year he formally left the Myōshinji monastic registry, recounting his childhood, his "cowardice," and the genesis of his social thought.}}